Polarization on the Main Streets of America:

Conformity of American presidents as a gesture of separation of power between the legislative and executive branches of government was the first type of politics that marked the Republican time: Grant, McKinley, Woodrow Wilson, Grover Cleveland, Jefferson, Buchanan, and Harrison, 1869-1901. Though they were tough leaders, they remained inactive and submissive to congressional legislations with only proposals to show some inclinations. Such was a distributive policy that reigned through the years, and the same is seen in the 19th century where the executive worked only along: land disposal programs, shipping subsidies, tariffs, and internal improvements (Lowi 1972). Despite the fact that the Federal or national level of politics was stable, it was not governed by congressional committees and party trading of votes by legislators to secure favorable actions on projects of individual interest (The Merriam-Webster Inc. 2004) because individual states government were assigned the deep-seated policies on: slavery, public health, property and etc.(Lowi 1972). During the presidency of Cleveland however, a second type of politics permeated when he gave way to soliciting support from a legislative committee to repeal Silver Purchase Act (Lowi 1972). It was only during the era of Harrison that government saw ones more the executive and legislative departments and people work along the same lights to shed a much more systematic association that is well adjusted to politics and its requirements because the president believed that he should be guided by his party in the legislative, this was the third type of politics in the system (Lowi 1972).. Thus, it was the first glimpse of politics determining policies instead of the deeply rooted committees and parties consisting only of congressmen that only sought personal merits (Lowi 1972). Its groundwork’s were in the realms of its adoption of Reed’s rule as well as commodity alliances, labor, business, and trade connections (Lowi 1972). These lessened the unity among parties within congress and gave way to new facets in policy formulation bringing back the executive’s prerogative on creation of public policies that are regulatory and redistributive in nature (Lowi 1972). However, State regulatory and redistributive policy making did not ceased with the new developments in the policy making at the national level, so these created an area of fertile politics in the entire system because at some points there must be overlaps and duplicates which would call for arguments, disputes, and debates as to whose policies must prevail, will it be the national policies or the state policies (Lowi 1972). Under the presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, these were resolved with a fourth type of politics in the system. He initiated, increased and enlarged the policy making scope of the national government by formulating vast numbers of regulatory and redistributive programs which were necessarily an answer to the quest of the masses that supported the same and sent them to congress for passage and approval (Lowi 1972). It was the politician determining the regulatory and redistributive policies: executive deferment of changing gold to cash, executive deferment of exportation of gold, executive easing Federal Reserve authorization on loans of member banks with the Emergency Banking Act, executive extensive power on the issuance of unsecured dollars up to $3 billion under the Thomas Amendment to the AAA, executive power on issuance of transitory deposit insurance, and the executive ability to authorize purchase of gold and foreign exchange up to $2 billion (Lowi 1972). All of these are the securities, banking and labor regulatory legislation installed by the initiative of the presidency which in turn encouraged the legislative body to enhance and improve Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 resulting to Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (Lowi 1972).
References
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